Records made by Maggs

Herb; Notes: Tall perennial herb to shrub, plentiful on lermitarium. Stem erect, woody at base, dense stellate, yellowish indumentum, with scattered sericeous hairs. Lamina circular to cordiform, 80 x 60 mm, margin dentate, apex tapering, base cordate, densely pubescent. Flowers in groups of 3 per axel, 20 mm long. Petals orange-yellow. Capsule discoidal, 25 mm in diameter.

Tree; Notes: Shrubby tree, 4 - 5 m high. Bark pale grey. Spines not stipular, scattered along branchlets, hooked. Stipules caducous. Leaves bipinnate, pinna 10 - 12 pairs, 8 cm long. Leaflets elongate - ovate, 5 x 1 mm, base oblique, fresh green, glabrous, close-ranked. Pod flattened, up to 20 x 3 cm, red-green to brilliant red becoming brown.

Annual herb. Stems brittle, with dense, white, curly indumentum. Leaves ovate, apex tapering and acute, ca. 40 x 20 mm, yellow-green, venation prominent, with dense, white, adpressed indumentum. Inflorescence axillary raceme. Flowers large, subsessile, up to 20 mm long and 18 mm long, petals cream-coloured, deep purple speckled in throat.

Tree; Notes: Lush, medium sized tree. Fruits eaten; chinjere (KWE) fruits eaten fresh or made into cooldrink. Ethnobotanical Voucher specimen: Muzinzila (Lozi). Fairly abundant.

Tree; Notes: Tall tree, 6 m high. Stems dark brown; branches knobbly due to leaf base scars, floccose indumentum; young branchlets bright green, rigid, terete with dense white short velutinous indumentum. Leaves opposite to subopposite, simple; petiole slender, almost geniculate, bright green to brown-tinted, adaxially grooved, twisted, densely velutinous; stipule minutely deltoid, brown membranous, caducous; lamina ovate to circular, apex attenuate to rounded to notched, base truncate to cuneate to rounded, margin entire but sinuate, 40-60 x 35-40 mm, thinly textured, adaxially glossy green, glabrous, abax. grey-green, glabrous, midrib prominent with lateral veins merging into margin. Flowers past. Fruit an ovoid-elongate berry, apiculate (style remains), 10 x 5 mm, green glaucous, glabrous, cupular remains of perianth at base, axillary (1/axil). Edible = muzinzila (Lozi)

Graminoid; Notes: Bushy-perennial grass, up to 50 cm when in flower. Culms basally pronounced geniculate to ascending, rooting from prostrate lower nodes, straw-coloured to pale green, internodes short, terete, glabrous, nodes gibbose, red-brown-banded. Leaf blade lanceolate, expanded, 100 x 7 mm, blue-green, abaxially white-ribbed, margin white, thickened tapering to delicate apex, base auriculate, glabrous. Ligule fringed with short white hairs, continuous and longer on collar. Leaf sheath yellowish, 5 cm long, deeply canaliculate, loosely circumculmate, keeled, glabrous, persistent and fibrous. Inflorescence a spicate raceme, narrowly ovate to elongate in outline, 60 - 100 x 15 mm, initially enclosed by upper leaf. Spikelets stalked, arranged or verticillate, dense, ellipsoid, surrounded by dense clusters of purplish bristles (sinuate, 1 - 1.5 cm long, fine, glabrous or setulose), 3 - 4.5 mm long, awnless.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted perennial grass, up to 1,5 m high when in flower. Culms erect, sturdy, terete, slightly reed-like, terete, partially exposed esp. apically, pale dull green, discolouring to yellow at nodes which are dark brown-banded and swollen, glabrous although node occasionally minutely and sparsely pubescent. Leaf blade linear to narrowly lanceolate gradually tapering to sharp tip over a length of 50 cm, expanded to slightly involute to tightly rolled, widest at base: 5 - 7 mm, dull green with white pulverulent indumentum, not rigid but recurved to curling, base rounded and not conspicuously auriculate. Ligule a brown membranous ridge with scattered long white hairs more conspicuous on collar regions. Leaf sheath 70 - 90 mm long, not overlapping dull green to pink-tinted near base, persistent, relatively open almost to base, glabrous. Inflorescence complex tiered digitate arrangement of racemes, 6 - 10/whorl, borne on slender peduncle. Raceme 8 - 12 cm long ascending, flexuous, and usually recurved somewhat at tip. Spikelets borne in 2 rows on undersurface of axis, minutely ellipsoid, 2,5 - 3 x 1 mm. Glume membranous, deep purple, minutely pubescent with white ciliate indumentum, yellowish awn exerted about 2 mm beyond spikelet. 2 flowers/spikelet. Base of raceme axis densely pubescent with long white hairs scattered over entire length.

Graminoid; Notes: Annual grass, 40 cm when in flower. Culm geniculate, terete, bright green but nodes purple, smooth, glabrous. Leaf blades basally densely tufted, relatively short, no more than 10 cm long, often folded, relatively hard with scabrid margin, dull green to maroon-tinted, basal margin tending to hyaline. Ligule inconspicuous. Leaf sheath overlapping, about same length as blade, glabrous. Inflorescence 7 - 11 digitately compound spikes, about 9 cm long, vertical; borne on slender peduncle up to 15 cm long. Spikelet about 1 mm long, 1 awn/lemma, green to blackish with dense, long, white indumentum; initially sheathed.

Graminoid; Notes: Basally tufted and stoloniferous annual grass, up to 0,5 m when in flower. Culms basally prostrate but then steeply ascending, rooting from lower prostrate nodes, slender and not conspicuously gibbose, smooth and glabrous, partially exposed along upper regions, blue-green to purple-tinted especially near nodes which are deep purple-tinted, branched. Leaf blades lanceolate, 35 - 120 mm long, tapering to apex, broadest at base, 4 - 8 mm wide, folded, blue-green, occasionally purple-tinted, margins white, base rounded and notched, both surfaces with long, white, bulbous-based indumentum. Ligule a membranous ridge with sparse white indumentum, collar with dense, long, white, straight indumentum extending along upper margin of sheath and lower margin of blade. Leaf sheath loosely circumculmate, keeled at base, about glabrous, except for scattered ciliate indumentum, shallowly canaliculate. Inflorescence complex, digitate arrangement of spicate racemes borne on slender, short peduncle, 1 - 7,5 cm long, subtended at base and initially enclosed by upper lamina. Racemes 5 - 7, 7 - 8,5 cm long, steeply ascending but flexuous. Spikelets 2 - flowered, arranged in 2 rows along axis; short stalk bearing long, white, sericeous indumentum. Lower glume membranous, glabrous, greenish white to apically purple-rimmed. Awns long, yellowish, glabrous, straight, slender, up to 12 mm long.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, robust perennial grass, plentiful on edge of flood-plain. Flowering past. Ethnobotanical specimen: Sivamba (Lozi): roots placed in water (and roots of mupanda) given to cattle to cure stomach cramps. Corr. nom.: EK 23.06.2003.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted, perennial grass, up to 1.25m high, when in flower with creeping, woody rhizome. Culms erect, thickened, rigid and somewhat reed-like, smooth, glabrous, unbranched. Leaf blade exceptionally long, up to 1 m long, tightly folded, 10 mm wide, dull green, base not auriculate, adaxially with dense, white adpressed hairs, abaxially glabrous, apically expanded, rigid and erect, margins scabrous. Ligule a narrow, membranous ridge. Leaf sheath shorter than blade, 10 cm long, basally tightly circumculmate but apically pulling away from culm and conjunction with blade not clearly defined. Inflorescence an open panicle narrowly ovate in outline, 30 x 5 cm; peduncle 50 cm long, beige to purple-tinted. Racemes whorled, up to 10 cm long, ascending purplish. Spikelets paired, lower spikelet awned. Glumes with purple spines, reddish in colour imparting a characteristic crimson hue to entire inflorescence. Base of stalk with tuft of hairs. Corr. nom.: EK 23.06.2003.

Creeper; Notes: Prostrate, annual creeper. Great variation in leaves from deeply lobed to almost unlobed. Petals golden yellow. Fruits vary from pale green to dark green banded. Flesh pale green, not bitter but somewhat mealy. Sikululu (Lozi) is flesh made into porridge by local people. Seeds dispersed by elephants. Growing in mulapo grassland on road verge. Soil pH 8.

Creeper; Notes: Herbaceous creeper. Stems twining, limp, slender, ribbed with dense, white, scabrid hairs, articulated, monopodially branched; tendrils slender, twisted. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole slender, 2 cm long. curved; lamina sagittate, apex apiculate, base hastate, margin denticulate, 45 x 40 mm, dull green, dense white indumentum on both surfaces but especially on abaxial venation. Flowers small, in dense axillary clusters, subsessile 3-5 (-8)/cluster, 1.5 mm in diameter. Petals yellow-orange. Sepals densely pubescent. Fruit a berry globose, 1 cm in diameter, smooth, glabrate, red when ripe. Seeds ovoid, flattened, grey, verruculate. Marshy plain along river.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted, perennial grass, up to 1.5 m high when in flower. Culms erect, rigid, reed-like, terete, yellowish with brown-banded nodes, glabrous smooth. Leaf blade expanded, gradually tapering over a length of up to 30 cm, up to 1.5 cm wide canaliculate, dull green, stiff, glabrous, rounded at base to constrict at collar. Ligule a narrow membranous ridge, dark brown, glabrous. Leaf sheath 120 mm long, tightly circumculmate but not overlapping, glabrous. Inflorescence a compound panicle, 15 - 20 cm long. Raceme up to 3 cm long, enclosed in narrowly ovate, membranous sheath. Spikelets narrowly ellipsoid, 3 x 1 mm; glumes greenish, not all awned. Awns long, fine, purple-based. Pollen golden yellow.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted perennial grass, up to 1.75 m high when in flower. Culms basally prostrate, rooting from lower nodes, markedly geniculate to ascending but never entirely erect, sturdy, reed-like, terete straw-coloured with nodes dark brown-banded, smooth and glabrous, unbranched. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 10 - 30 x ca. 1 cm, gradually tapering, expanded but margins revolute, stiff and harsh to the touch, glabrous but for sparse pulverulent indumentum, margins white, minutely prickled, blue-green, base rounded and slightly notched. Ligule a narrow, brown, membranous ridge, glabrous. Leaf base 80 - 120 mm long, not overlapping nor tightly circumculmate, basally imbricate otherwise open, blue-green to purple-tinted at base, persistent, canaliculate, glabrous. Inflorescence a false panicle, up to 12 cm long, narrowly ellipsoid in outline. Racemes spicate, paired, subtended by foliaceous spathe: 1.5 - 2 (2.5) cm long, lanceolate. Peduncle slender, yellow, glabrous. Spikelets paired, not all awned, ellipsoid, somewhat laterally flattened, 5 x 1.5 mm, greenish; awn basally black with paler upper potion, curved, slender, glabrous, relatively inconspicuous although well exerted. Glumes membranous with dense white indumentum especially along margins; pedicles with similar indumentum.

Graminoid; Notes: Perennial, low-growing grass with woody, creeping rhizome. Culms basally woody and prostrate, often rooting from lower, geniculate nodes, upper portions steeply ascending, almost entirely enclosed by leaf bases, much-branched. Leaf blade linear, 5 - 12 cm long, gradually tapering to acute apex, expanded to slightly revolute to tightly rolled, at most 2, 5 mm wide, erect, fairly rigid, dull blue-green, glabrous or with long, white, somewhat adpressed indumentum, margins white, thickened, hard to the touch, slightly spine-tipped, base about undifferentiated. Ligule a membranous ridge bearing sparse white indumentum, more conspicuous on collar region. Leaf sheath overlapping, about 4 centimetre long, relatively tightly circumculmate, blue-green to yellowish at base, glabrate to pubescent, persistent and spiny around rhizome. Inflorescence a digitate racemose arrangement, borne on a slender, erect peduncle. Raceme about 4 centimetre long, about 1,5 mm wide, 4 - 7 inflorescence, ascending but never spreading, straight to apically reflexed, not rigid. Spikelets minutely ovoid, about 1,5 x 1 mm, densely arranged on axis. Glumes membranous, straw-coloured to green to purple-tinted, awnless, glabrous. Stigma branches laterally exerted.

Graminoid; Notes: Annual grass, tufted, up to 0,5 m high, when in flower. Culms erect to slightly geniculate at base, unbranched, relatively slender, terete, almost entirely enclosed by leaf sheaths, nodes green-brown-banded, somewhat intended. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 10 - 20 cm long, gradually tapering, at most 10 mm broad but normally narrower, expanded, softly textured, bright green, mostly ascending but occasionally recurved, about glabrous, margins harshly scabrous due the thickened edges bearing stiff, long, white, bulbous-based hairs, base slightly auriculate, dark-brown tinted. Ligule a membranous, narrow, brown frill bearing long, white, conspicuous indumentum. Leaf base not tightly circumculmate, often open to base, 50 - 90 mm long, overlapping pale dull green, about glabrous. Inflorescence a spike arranged digitately (3 - 5) at terminal end of peduncle, about 6 cm long, somewhat ascending to spreading; peduncle slender, erect, terete, glabrous, enveloped by upper leaf to large extent. Spikelets arranged densely on undersurface of axis, ellipsoid but laterally flattened, interspersed with long, white hairs; awns longer than spikelets, slightly bent, sturdy, greenish; base of secondary axis blackish with dense, white velutinous indumentum. Anthers about 1 mm long, bearing orange-yellow pollen. Terminalia sericea woodland.

Graminoid; Notes: Densely tufted annual grass, up to 0,75 m high when in flower. Culms basally somewhat geniculate but apically steeply ascending, branched, slender but sturdy, terete, dark green, white-ribbed with very dense white velutinous indumentum, nodes not gibbose, can be deep purple-tinted with a whorl of longer white hairs. Leaf blades narrowly lanceolate to linear, tapering whip-like to a very fine, flexuous tip, mostly expanded but can also be folded or slightly rolled, dark green with conspicuous white abx. venation, densely pubescent on both surfaces, soft and tender, base rounded to somewhat auriculate, 70 - 150 x 2 - 4 mm. Ligule a dense fringe of soft, white hairs, continuous on brown, membranous collar. Leaf sheath closely overlapping at base but exposing stem on upper portions (3-) 6 (-10) cm long, dark green to yellowish at base, conspicuously white-ribbed, densely pubescent, loosely circumculmate, keeled, persistent. Inflorescence a spicate panicle borne on densely velutinous peduncle, subtended at base of peduncle by upper leaf, narrowly ovate to lanceolate in outline, 70 - 120 x 7 - 12 mm. Racemes 2,5 - 3 centimetre long, steeply ascending and adpressed against main axis. Spikelets narrowly ovoid, 5 - 7 x 1 millimetre, densely clustered, subsessile, 2-flowered. Glumes membranous, greenish to straw-coloured with deep purple apex and venation, persistent. Lemma 9-awned; awns straight to geniculate, dark purple with white, bristly feathered indumentum. Anthers 1 - 1,5 mm long, apically exerted.

0.5 m high; Graminoid; Notes: (F. Poaceae) Tufted annual, ca. 0,5m high when in flower. Culms erect, slender, yellow-green, glabrous except for white pubescent indumentum at nodes. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, expanded, rapidly withering at apex, up to 200*6mm, glabrous, soft and tender, yellow-green, basally rounded. Ligule inconspicuous with fringe of dense, white, straight hairs. Leaf sheath yellow-green, ca. 5cm long, overlapping, not tightly circumculmate, canaliculate, glabrous to sparsely pubescent. Inflorescence a panicle of spaced racemes, ca. 10*2,5cm. Raceme lax, spicate ca. 3,5cm long, erect. Spikelets loosely arranged in 2 rows, ovoid, apex tapering, 3*1mm, awned; glumes pale green, densely pubescent. Stalk purple-banded at apex (=callus) with long, white, straight hairs. Awn ca. 2,5mm long. Stigma purple, exerted just below apex.

Tree; Notes: Small to medium-sized tree. Ethnobotanical Voucher Specimen: matokola (Lozi): used to exorcize ghosts. Wood not used as fuel cause it cause bad luck; tshutshora (Kwe).

Geophyte; Notes: Geophyte, up to 0.75 m when in flower, growing among thorny thicket; rhizome horizontally elongate, much-branched, with dense fibrous roots. Leaves lanceolate. Inflorescence a raceme. Flowers 2 - 2.5 cm in diameter; perianth segments mauve-pink.

Geophyte; Notes: Geophyte, up to 1 m high when in flower, growing within dense thorny shrubbery. Leaves elongate-ovate, bright green, glabrous. Inflorescence a raceme, unbranched. Flowers 30 mm in diameter; perianth segments golden yellow.

Herb; Notes: Prostrate herb. Stems trailing, limp, slender, dark green but masked by dense, long, white, sericeous indumentum. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 1-2 mm long, densely sericeous; lamina ovate, apex minutely apiculate, base rounded, margin entire, grey-green, both surfaces with dense silvery adpressed hairs. Flowers solitary, axillary, campanulate, small, 5-6 mm in diameter. Petals 5, fused, blue. Sepals 5, free, ovate, 2 x 1 mm, densely pubescent, persistent. Fruit a capsule, globose, 5-sutured, white and brittle, dehiscent. Seeds numerous, yellow-brown, deltoid to irregular.

Herb; Notes: Prostrate herb. Stems trailing, limp, slender but gibbose, terete, green to maroon-tinted, glabrous or with scattered, fine, white indumentum. Leaves opposite but normally tending to cluster, simple, sessile; lamina narrowly ovate to lanceolate, apex minutely apiculate, base cuneate, margin entire, somewhat revolute, midrib abaxially prominent, up to 40 x 30 mm, dull green to yellow-green to maroon-tinted, adaxially glabrous, abaxially with very sparse white adpressed indumentum. Flowers in axillary umbels, small, up to 3 mm in diameter; peduncle 2 - 45 mm long (usually elongating after flowering). Pedicel 4 - 10 mm long. Sepals 5, free, ovate, up to 3 x 1.5 mm, pink with hyaline margins. Petals lacking. Stamens 10; filaments pink; anthers cream-coloured. Common: especially in disturbed areas!.

Herb; Notes: Perennial herb, up to 1 m high. Stems rigid, 4-angled; branchlets densely pubescent. Lamina ovate - elliptic, 50 x 20 mm, dark green, margin dentate, minutely pubescent. Inflorescence terminal panicle. Flowers 6 mm long; sepals fused, extending 2/3 of length.

subshrub; Notes: Straggly subshrub, 1 m or more. Stems brittle, 4-angled, initially with short brown indumentum. Lamina ovate, 50 x 18 mm, gradually tapering, dark green, more or less glabrous, thinly textured, margin coarsely dentate. Inflorescence axillary/terminal panicle; branchlets opposite. Flower 8 mm long, bilabiate, yellow-cream.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall tufted, perennial grass, up to 1.5 m when in flower. Culm erect to slightly geniculate at base reed-like, terete, dull green to beige with nodes marked by purplish band, glabrous. Leaf blade tightly rolled, basally concentrated, 10 - 15 cm long, base clearly auriculate, dull green, glabrous, rigid, margins scabrous. Ligule a membranous ridge without indumentum, pale brown. Leaf base loosely circumculmate, becoming only slightly imbricate at extreme base, glabrous. Inflorescence an open, interrupted panicle, subtended by foliaceous spathe, up to 50 cm long. Racemes subtended by foliaceous spathes, 20 cm long, ca. 4 - 6 spikelets per raceme. Spikelet subtended by lanceolate spathe, 3-flowered, 1 cm long. Awn twisted, yellowish, bent, 80 mm long with dense white adpressed indumentum. Stalks with dense, white, bristly indumentum.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted, perennial grass, up to 2 m high when in flower. Culms erect, reed-like, terete, pinkish yellow, slightly glaucous, glabrous, nodes orange-brown-banded, stiff, rigid. Leaf blade inconspicuous between dense peduncles, expanded, gradually tapering over a length of up to 35 cm, broadest at base, 12 mm, auriculate, smooth but parchment-like to the touch, glabrous, adaxially canaliculate. Ligule a narrow, rounded, membranous, brown ridge. Leaf sheath short, mostly 10 cm long, not overlapping, glabrous, dull green but brown to purple-tinted at base. Inflorescence an axillary panicle, 20 - 25 cm long, borne on short, slender peduncle, usually 80 - 100 mm long, pinkish yellow. Raceme sheathed; spathe lanceolate 80 mm long, as for leaf blade. Spikelet large, ellipsoid, 20 mm long with single awn. Awn long, undulate, up to 10 cm long, dark brown, apically contorted, covered in short dense bristles. Stigma purple-black.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, erectly tufted perennial grass, up to 1.5 m when in flower. Culms basally slightly geniculate but generally ascending, reed-like, hollow, sturdy, rigid, pale green to yellowish straw-coloured, terete, glaucous, glabrous, nodes not conspicuously gibbose, dark-banded, unbranched. Leaf blade linear, up to 50 cm long, expanded to involute but seldom rolled, dull bluish-green, reddish tinted, tapering gradually to very fine apex, minutely setulose especially along margins, rigid and hard to the touch, base not auriculate. Ligule membranous ridged with scattered, soft, white indumentum continuous onto collar region. Leaf sheath apically with 2 projections on either side of culm, upper margin with long white ciliate indumentum, open and keeled, imbricate at base, deeply canaliculate, straw-coloured with pink-red tinge, glabrous. Inflorescence a complex arrangement of spathulate racemes in spathulate panicle, elongate in broad outline, 25 - 35 x 2.5 cm. Spathes red to yellow-brown glabrous. Spikelets narrowly ellipsoid, 10 x 1 - 1.5 mm, heterogenous; female spikelet bearing long, twisted, hairy awn, sessile; male spikelet stalked, awnless. Glumes glabrous, occasionally ciliate; stalks densely pubescent.

Creeper; Notes: Creeping on black soil. Only one plant seen. Tiny yellow flowers, round fruits: green when immature and orange/red when ripe. Fruits often in clusters. Leave rhombic shape, hard to the touch.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted, annual grass, up to 1 m high when in flower. Culm erect and shortly articulated, branched, terete, sturdy, smooth, glabrous, beige to purple-tinged. Leaf blade broadly sagittate, short, 5 x 1 cm, dull grey-green with purple tinges, expanded, usually not reflexed, clearly ciliate with margins harshly scabrid, abaxially, conspicuously striate, base auriculate. Ligule an inconspicuous membranous ridge without indumentum. Leaf sheath beige to pale green, glabrous, up to 4 cm long, not overlapping, margins not imbricate or touching although circumculmate. Inflorescence a dense spike, up to 25 cm long, initially sheathed by foliar spathe, rapidly withering; peduncle 10 cm long. Spikelets 2-awned, narrowly ovoid, up to 3 x 0,5 mm, initially adpressed against axis but 1 prior to falling. Awns pale green but later discolouring to deep purple, flexuous, unbristled.

Herb; Notes: Straggling annual herb, up to 40 cm when in flower. Stems flaccid, trailing but terminally erect, green to pink-tinted with long white indumentum, older portions surrounded by old leaf bases. Leaves spirally arranged, simple, sessile; lamina narrowly ovate to elliptic, apex tapering, base amplexicaulate, dull yellow-green, margin entire, ciliate, densely pubescent with fine, white, adpressed hairs on both surfaces, midrib abaxially prominent, diverging into numerous veins in sheath, sheath conspicuously fringed, up to 16 x 3 cm. Flowers in dense terminal spikes (usually dichasia), 50 mm long, borne on peduncles 1 - 9 cm long, brown, densely pubescent; flowers minute, 5 mm long. Perianth segments 5, ovate, free, pale pink, 4 x 2 mm. Stamens 5. Ovary black, hard, ovoid. Floral bract brown, pubescent, conspicuously ciliate, ovate.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted, perennial grass, up to 1.5 m high when in flower. Culms reed-like, hollow, sturdy, rigid, erect, terete, basally up to 8 - 10 mm in diameter, smooth, yellow-green to straw-coloured, nodes dark-banded, glabrous, not conspicuously gibbose, enveloped over entire length. Leaf blade lanceolate, up to 30 cm long but mostly shorter, expanded, coriaceous, fairly rigid, smooth, blue-green, glaucous, glabrous, deeply canaliculate, tapering, gradually to fine tip usually withering, broadest in middle - up to 1.5 cm, base narrowed auriculate with collar membranous, brown-black, densely pubescent. Ligule a membranous ridge bearing a fringe of short, cream-coloured hairs, long, white, curly hairs of collar extended down upper sheath margin. Leaf sheath tightly circumculmate, imbricate from upper region, deeply canaliculate, glabrous, usually straw-coloured. Inflorescence a relatively dense panicle, 40 - 50 x 6 - 8 cm, ovate in broad outline, borne on rigid peduncle. Secondary axis alternate, clustered, dense whorl of long white hairs at point of junction, up to 15 cm long delicate, acutely ascending, never spreading. Spikelets narrowly ovoid to slightly lanceolate, 15 x 1 mm, often paired, erect. Lower glume 1/3 of spikelet, membranous, hyaline to straw-coloured but mostly dark purple, glabrous, Awn rigid, straight, sharp tipped, extending up to 6 mm beyond spikelet.

Herb; Notes: Annual herb, up to 75 cm when in flower. Stems slender, erect, unbranched, terete but slightly ribbed, green, glabrous. Leaves clustered, simple, sessile; lamina linear, apex acute, base cuneate, margin entire, tends to be revolute, up to 60 x 2 mm, dull green, glabrous. Flowers in terminal racemes, densely arranged, especially terminally, showy, 2 cm in diameter. Petals 5, free, obovate, pale pink with purple bases. Sepals 5, fused, green, ciliate along free upper margins, persistent. Stamens with filaments maroon, contorted; anthers large, ovoid, fused. Fruit a capsule, 2-lobed, ovoid, 6 mm long with style persistent.

Notes: Twining annual. Stem limp, slender, glabrous. Lamina lanceolate - linear, up to 40 x 1.5 mm, apex apiculate, base hastate, margin entire but dentate at base. Flowers solitary by reduction, axillary, pendulous, bell-shaped, 15 mm long; petals yellow. Mixed semi-deciduous woodland after a burn.

Shrub; Notes: Densely bushy shrub, 1.25 m high. Leaves dark dull green, velutinous, ovate, midrib prominent, mostly folded, apex notched, 40 x 20 mm. Viciously armed. Fruits fleshy, drupaceous, brilliant red when ripe, ovoid, 30 x 15 - 20 mm, extremely sour.

Shrub; Notes: Densely branched, spinescent shrub, 1.5 m high. Bark pale grey, fluted; lateral branches perpendicular, spine-tipped. Leaves clustered on dwarf shoots, simple; petiole 3-6 mm long, adaxially grooved; lamina ovate, 40 x 15 mm, usually folded along midrib, grey, glaucous, glabrous, midrib abaxially conspicuous. Flowers past. Fruit a berry, solitary, axillary, ovoid, 2.5-3 x 3 cm, fleshy, bright orange when ripe, 1-seeded, sour-tasting but refreshing.

Shrub; Notes: Densely branched shrub, 2 m high. Young branchlets perpendicular green to purplish, smooth, glaucous; lateral branchlets perpendicular to main axis, spine-tipped. Leaves alternate (often clustered), simple; petiole twisted, adaxially grooved/flattened, smooth, glabrous; lamina ovate to narrowly ovate, up to 40 x 12 mm, apex rounded to truncate, base rounded, margin entire, glabrous, glaucous, grey-green, midrib abaxially prominent. Spines straight, 8-20 mm long. Flowers in axillary clusters, 8 mm in diameter. Sepals 4, free, smooth, green-yellow, ovate. Petals 4, white, conspicuously bearded. Stamens 8. Fruits an ellipsoid, drupaceous berry.

Shrub; Notes: Dense shrub. Ethnobotanical voucher specimen. Mutenta (Lozi). Ffruit eaten, oil extracted from kernels. Root bark used to stain palm leaves for baskets. Kwaxere ( Kwe) - fruit eaten fresh.

Tree; Notes: Tree up to 5 m high. Bark pale grey, young branchlets densely tomentose. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole up to 15 mm long, densely tomentose; lamina ovate, 55 x 30 mm, apex acute, base markedly oblique, conspicuously 3-veined, margin denticulate, olive-green with minute, short, white adpressed indumentum to glabrate. Prickles paired, 1 straight 1 falcate. Flowers in axillary clusters, small, 3 mm in diameter. Fruit a berry, globose, 4 mm in diameter, style and perianth persistent.

Tree; Notes: Densely branched small tree, armed. Sterile: ethnobotanical voucher specimen. Muchalo (Lozi, Sisubiya) Munganga. Fruits eaten by children. Xaro (Kwe): fruits crushed, placed in water for sore teeth.